Recognize yourself in this picture?
You left your corporate job to set up your own shop a
couple of years ago and spent the first 18 months fretting that you
wouldn't be able to pay the bills. The good news is that the money
started rolling in. The bad news is that you've been using a big
chunk of it to replace the benefits package you left behind.
Finding -- and paying for -- benefits, particularly
medical insurance, is the dark side of most successful one-person
businesses, mine included. Many people "go bare," as they
say in the insurance industry, taking their chances with no coverage
at all. Others opt for the highest deductible health care policy they
can find, reasoning that it will cover them in a catastrophe. If you
are among them, you should be looking carefully at the medical
savings account, a new tax-advantaged health insurance program for
self-employed individuals and workers at businesses with 50 or fewer employees.
How they work
Congress approved medical savings accounts, combined
with a high-deductible insurance policy, in 1997. Here's how they
work: You get a tax deduction for money contributed to the account
each year. Then you pay your medical expenses by withdrawing funds
from the account. If expenses exceed your insurance policy's
deductible amount, the policy kicks in and pays the additional costs.
If you spend less than the amount you contributed, the difference
stays in the account and earns interest.
"For the self-employed business person, this is
the best chance you've had in a long time to take care of
yourself," says Lee Tooman, assistant vice president of Golden
Rule Insurance Co. in Lawrenceville, Ill.
Misunderstood and unwanted
Richard Stover, a health care actuary with Buck
Consultants in New York, says taxpayers have not been opening them as
quickly as expected. "There's no incentive for a broker to sell
them," Stover says, "and many people still don't understand
how they work."
Since brokers have little incentive to sell them, it's
also difficult to find MSAs in every state.
Big businesses have been using flexible spending
accounts -- or FSAs -- for years. But they have not been available to
the self-employed. And the new medical savings accounts have a
compelling advantage: The money is allowed to roll over and build up
in the account if you don't spend it. That offer doesn't exist in
FSA's. And rather than lying dormant in low interest-bearing savings
accounts, you can invest it in mutual funds, stocks or other
investment vehicles that typically offer much higher returns over the
long run. Whatever you don't spend can be used to supplement
retirement income. In contrast, the flexible spending accounts
offered by large employers have a "use-it-or-lose-it"
provision. Whatever is not used by the end of the year is lost to you.
Rules and limits
The government set some rules for the MSA accounts.
There is a range for the deductible on the insurance policies: $1,500
to $2,250 a year for an individual; $3,000 to $4,500 a year for a
family. Above that amount, the insurance program might cover 100% of
expenses. Or it can provide for some type of co-payment by
participants, say 20% of all covered expenses in excess of the
deductible. The government also set limits on total out-of-pocket
medical expenses (deductibles plus co-payments) with a maximum of
$3,000 for a single person and $5,500 for a family.
The employee -- or the employer -- can make pre-tax
contributions that can total 65% of the deductible for an individual,
75% for a family. So if you buy a single policy with a deductible of
$1,500, you can contribute $975 (65% of that amount) to a medical
savings account. The money can be used to pay those medical expenses
you incur before you reach the deductible as well as other eligible
costs like eyeglasses and dental care.
If you spend the entire $975, you have to pay
after-tax dollars for medical expenses until you hit the deductible.
If you spend less, the money builds up in your account. You roll it
over at the end of the year and you can make another contribution
next year.
You must pay tax and a 15% penalty on money that is
withdrawn from your account for any use other than medical expenses
before age 65. After age 65, withdrawals for non-medical purposes are
still taxable but no penalty applies. An analysis in the June issue
of the Journal of Financial Planning concluded that such accounts
could be used to accumulate a nice retirement nest egg. A person who
puts in about $1,500 a year for 25 years could make almost $1.5
million, assuming a 12% annual rate of return.
Of course, few people will sail through 40 years
without spending any money on health care.
But these accounts offer a good deal on the
health-care side of the equation, too. I've often wondered why those
of us who are self-employed didn't have the option of using pre-tax
money to pay for contact lenses and root canals like our friends who
work for corporations. Now we do.
